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Siyabonga ngokuvakashela okuqukethwe kwe-scatter glassfiber cabron fiber .Usebenzisa inguqulo yesiphequluli enosekelo olulinganiselwe lwe-CSS.Ukuze uthole ulwazi olungcono kakhulu, sincoma ukuthi usebenzise isiphequluli esibuyekeziwe (noma ukhubaze i-Compatibility Mode ku-Internet Explorer).Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze siqinisekise ukwesekwa okuqhubekayo, sibonisa isayithi ngaphandle kwezitayela ne-JavaScript.
Ukhonkolo oqiniswe nge-polymer (FRP) uthathwa njengendlela entsha neyongayo yokulungisa izakhiwo.Kulolu cwaningo, izinto ezimbili ezijwayelekile [i-carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) kanye ne-glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP)] zikhethiwe ukuze kufundwe umthelela wokuqiniswa kukakhonkolo ezindaweni ezinokhahlo.Ukumelana kukakhonkolo oqukethe i-FRP ekuhlaselweni kwesulphate kanye nemijikelezo ehlobene yokuncibilika kweqhwa kuye kwaxoxwa ngakho.I-electron microscopy yokutadisha ukuwohloka kwangaphakathi nokwangaphakathi kukakhonkolo ngesikhathi sokuguguleka okuhlangene.Izinga nendlela yokugqwala kwe-sodium sulfate kwahlaziywa ngenani le-pH, i-SEM electron microscopy, kanye ne-EMF energy spectrum.Ukuhlolwa kwamandla okucindezela kwe-Axial kusetshenziswe ukuhlola ukuqiniswa kwamakholomu kakhonkolo avimbelwe yi-FRP, futhi ubudlelwano bokucindezeleka buye batholakala ezindleleni ezihlukahlukene zokugcinwa kwe-FRP endaweni ehlanganisiwe egugulekayo.Ukuhlaziywa kwephutha kwenziwe ukuze kulinganiswe imiphumela yokuhlolwa kusetshenziswa amamodeli amane akhona aqagelayo.Konke ukubonwa kukhombisa ukuthi inqubo yokucekelwa phansi kukakhonkolo okhawulelwe yi-FRP iyinkimbinkimbi futhi inamandla ngaphansi kwengcindezi ye-conjugate.I-sodium sulfate ekuqaleni yandisa amandla kakhonkolo ngendlela yayo eluhlaza.Kodwa-ke, imijikelezo elandelayo yokuqhwaza ingakhuphula ukuqhekeka kukakhonkolo, futhi i-sodium sulfate iphinde inciphise amandla kakhonkolo ngokukhuthaza ukuqhekeka.Imodeli yezinombolo enembile ihlongozwa ukuze ilingise ubudlelwano bokucindezeleka, obubalulekile ekuklameni nasekuhloleni umjikelezo wempilo kakhonkolo ovinjwe yi-FRP.
Njengendlela emisha yokuqinisa ukhonkolo eye yacwaningwa kusukela ngawo-1970, i-FRP inezinzuzo zesisindo esilula, amandla aphezulu, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukumelana nokukhathala kanye nokwakhiwa okulula1,2,3.Njengoba izindleko zincipha, sekuya ngokuya kuvame kakhulu ezinhlelweni zobunjiniyela ezifana ne-fiberglass (GFRP), i-carbon fibre (CFRP), i-basalt fiber (BFRP), ne-aramid fiber (AFRP), okuyi-FRP esetshenziswa kakhulu ekuqinisweni kwesakhiwo4, 5. Indlela yokugcina ye-FRP ehlongozwayo ingathuthukisa ukusebenza okuphathekayo futhi igweme ukugoqa ngaphambi kwesikhathi.Kodwa-ke, izindawo ezihlukahlukene zangaphandle kubunjiniyela bemishini ngokuvamile zithinta ukuqina kukakhonkolo olinganiselwe we-FRP, okubangela ukuba amandla awo abe sengozini.
Abacwaningi abaningana bafunde ukucindezelwa kanye nezinguquko zokuqina kukhonkolo ezinobumo obuhlukahlukene obuhlukene nosayizi.Yang et al.6 ithole ukuthi ukucindezeleka kokugcina nokucindezeleka kuhlotshaniswa kahle nokukhula kogqinsi lwezicubu ze-fibrous.U-Wu et al.7 uthole amajika e-stress-strain curves we-FRP-constrained esebenzisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-fiber ukuze abikezele izinhlobonhlobo nemithwalo yokugcina.U-Lin et al.8 bathole ukuthi amamodeli e-FRP okucindezela ukucindezeleka amabha ayindilinga, ayizikwele, angunxande, nama-elliptical nawo ahluka kakhulu, futhi athuthukise imodeli entsha yokucindezeleka egxile ekwakhiweni esebenzisa isilinganiso sobubanzi nerediyasi yekhona njengamapharamitha.U-Lam et al.9 uphawule ukuthi ukugqagqana okungeyona into efanayo kanye nokugoba kwe-FRP kubangele ubunzima obuncane bokuphuka nokucindezeleka ku-FRP kunokuhlolwa kwe-slab tensile.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ososayensi baye bafunda izingqinamba eziyingxenye nezindlela ezintsha ezivimbelayo ngokuya ngezidingo ezahlukahlukene zokuklama komhlaba wangempela.Wang et al.[10] wenze ukuhlolwa kokucindezela kwe-axial kukhonkolo ngokugcwele, ingxenye futhi engavinjelwe ngezindlela ezintathu ezinomkhawulo.Imodeli "yestress-strain" yakhiwe futhi ama-coefficients omphumela okhawulelayo wokhonkolo ovalwe kancane uyanikezwa.Wu et al.I-11 ithuthukise indlela yokubikezela ukuncika kokucindezeleka kokhonkolo we-FRP-constrained ocabangela imiphumela yosayizi.U-Moran et al.12 bahlole izici zokuminyanisa i-axial monotonic zikakhonkolo oboshiwe nge-FRP helical strips futhi bathola amajika ayo okucindezeleka.Nokho, ucwaningo olungenhla luhlola ikakhulukazi umehluko phakathi kukakhonkolo ovalwe ngokwengxenye kanye nokhonkolo ovalwe ngokugcwele.Iqhaza lama-FRPs anciphisa kancane izingxenye zekhonkrithi ayikahlolisiswa kabanzi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo luhlole ukusebenza kukakhonkolo okhawulelwe we-FRP ngokwamandla okucindezela, ukuguquka kobunzima, i-modulus yokuqala yokunwebeka, kanye ne-strain-harding modulus ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene.Tijani et al.I-13,14 ithole ukuthi ukulungiseka kukakhonkolo okhawulelwe we-FRP kuncipha ngomonakalo okhulayo ekuhlolweni kokulungisa kwe-FRP kukhonkolo owonakele ekuqaleni.UMa et al.[I-15] yafunda umphumela wokulimala kokuqala kumakholomu okhonkolo avimbelwe yi-FRP futhi yacabangela ukuthi umphumela wedigri yomonakalo emandleni aqinile wawungenangqondo, kodwa ube nomthelela omkhulu ekugugekeni kwe-lateral kanye ne-longitudinal.Nokho, uCao et al.I-16 ibone amajika okucindezeleka kokucindezeleka kanye namajika emvilophu ye-stress-strain ye-FRP-constrained ikhonkrithi ethintwa umonakalo wokuqala.Ngokungeziwe ezifundweni zokungaphumeleli kokukhonkolo kokuqala, ezinye izifundo zenziwe futhi ngokuhlala isikhathi eside kukakhonkolo okhawulelwe we-FRP ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo ezinzima.Laba sosayensi bafunde ukucekelwa phansi kukakhonkolo okhawulelwe we-FRP ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima futhi basebenzisa amasu okuhlola umonakalo ukuze bakhe amamodeli okonakaliswa ukuze babikezele impilo yesevisi.Xie et al.I-17 ibeke ikhonkrithi ene-FRP-constrained endaweni ye-hydrothermal futhi yathola ukuthi izimo ze-hydrothermal zithinte kakhulu izakhiwo zemishini ye-FRP, okuholela ekwehleni kancane kancane kwamandla ayo okucindezela.Endaweni ye-acid-base, ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-CFRP nokhonkolo kuyawohloka.Njengoba isikhathi sokucwiliswa sikhula, izinga lokukhululwa kwamandla okubhujiswa kongqimba lwe-CFRP lehla kakhulu, okuholela ekubhujisweni kwamasampula ahlangene18,19,20.Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanye ososayensi baye bafunda imiphumela yokuqandisa nokuncibilika kukhonkolo olinganiselwe we-FRP.U-Liu et al.21 baphawule ukuthi ibha ye-CFRP inokuqina okuhle ngaphansi kwemijikelezo yokuncibilika kweqhwa esuselwe kumodulus eguquguqukayo ehlobene, amandla acindezelayo, kanye nesilinganiso sokucindezeleka.Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuhlongozwa imodeli ehlotshaniswa nokuwohloka kwezakhiwo zemishini kakhonkolo.Nokho, u-Peng et al.22 babale ukuphila konke kwe-CFRP nezinamatheliso zikakhonkolo besebenzisa izinga lokushisa kanye nedatha yomjikelezo wokuqandisa.UGuang et al.23 yenze uhlolo olusheshayo lokuncibilika kokuqhwaza kukakhonkolo futhi yahlongoza indlela yokuhlola ukumelana nesithwathwa ngokusekelwe kugqinsi longqimba olulimele ngaphansi kokuchayeka kweqhwa.Yazdani et al.24 yafunda umphumela wezendlalelo ze-FRP ekungeneni kwama-ion e-chloride kukhonkolo.Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi ungqimba lwe-FRP alukwazi ukumelana namakhemikhali futhi luvala ukhonkolo lwangaphakathi kuma-ion e-chloride angaphandle.U-Liu et al.25 walingisa izimo zokuhlola ikhasi likakhonkolo we-FRP one-sulfate-corroded, udale imodeli yokushelela, futhi wabikezela ukucekelwa phansi kokusebenzelana kukakhonkolo we-FRP.Wang et al.I-26 isungule imodeli yokucindezeleka kokhonkolo we-FRP-constrained sulphate-roded ngokusebenzisa izivivinyo zokucindezela uniaxial.UZhou et al.[27] uhlole umonakalo kukhonkolo ongavaliwe obangelwa imijikelezo kasawoti yokuqhwaza ehlanganisiwe futhi ngokokuqala ngqa wasebenzisa umsebenzi wokuhlela ukuchaza indlela yokwehluleka.Lezi zifundo zenze inqubekelaphambili ebalulekile ekuhloleni ukuqina kukakhonkolo okhawulelwe we-FRP.Kodwa-ke, abacwaningi abaningi bagxile ekumodeleni imidiya egugulekayo ngaphansi kwesimo esisodwa esingesihle.Ukhonkolo uvame ukonakala ngenxa yokuguguleka okuhlobene okubangelwa izimo ezihlukahlukene zemvelo.Lezi zimo zemvelo ezihlanganisiwe zithunaza kakhulu ukusebenza kukakhonkolo onemingcele ye-FRP.
Imijikelezo ye-Sulfation kanye ne-frize-ncibilikisa yizici ezimbili ezibalulekile ezithinta ukuqina kukakhonkolo.Ubuchwepheshe bendawo ye-FRP bungathuthukisa izakhiwo zikakhonkolo.Isetshenziswa kabanzi kwezobunjiniyela nasocwaningweni, kodwa njengamanje inemikhawulo yayo.Ucwaningo oluningana lugxile ekwandeni kukakhonkolo okhawulelwe yi-FRP ekugxumeni kwe-sulfate ezindaweni ezibandayo.Inqubo yokuguguleka kokhonkolo ovalekile ngokugcwele, ovalwe kancane futhi ovulekile nge-sodium sulfate kanye ne-frize-thaw idinga ukucwaninga okuningiliziwe, ikakhulukazi indlela entsha evalwe kancane echazwe kulesi sihloko.Umthelela wokuqinisa amakholomu okhonkolo nawo wacwaningwa ngokushintshana ngohlelo lokugcinwa kwe-FRP nokuguguleka.Ushintsho oluncane lwe-microcosmic ne-macroscopic kusampula olubangelwa ukuguguleka kwebhondi luphawulwe ngesibonakhulu se-electron, ukuhlolwa kwe-pH, isibonakhulu se-electron ye-SEM, ukuhlaziywa kwe-EMF energy spectrum kanye nokuhlolwa kokusebenza kwe-uniaxial.Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu cwaningo ludingida imithetho elawula ubudlelwano bokucindezeleka okwenzeka ekuhlolweni kokusebenza kwe-uniaxial.Ukucindezelwa komkhawulo okuqinisekiswe ngokokuhlola kanye namanani obunzima kuye kwaqinisekiswa ngokuhlaziywa kwephutha kusetshenziswa amamodeli amane akhona omkhawulo wokucindezeleka.Imodeli ehlongozwayo ingabikezela ngokugcwele ubunzima bokugcina namandla ezinto ezibonakalayo, okuwusizo ekusebenzeni kokuqinisa kwe-FRP kwesikhathi esizayo.Okokugcina, isebenza njengesisekelo somqondo womqondo wokumelana nesithwathwa sikakhonkolo we-FRP.
Lolu cwaningo luhlola ukuwohloka kokhonkolo okhawulelwe we-FRP kusetshenziswa ukugqwala kwesisombululo sesulfate kuhlanganiswe nemijikelezo yokuqhwandisa.Izinguquko ezincane kakhulu nezinkulu ezibangelwa ukuguguleka kwekhonkolo zibonisiwe kusetshenziswa i-electron microscopy yokuskena, ukuhlolwa kwe-pH, i-EDS energy spectroscopy, kanye nokuhlolwa kokusebenza kwe-uniaxial.Ukwengeza, izakhiwo zemishini kanye nezinguquko ze-stress-strain zekhonkrithi ye-FRP-constrained ngaphansi kokuguguleka kwezibopho zaphenywa kusetshenziswa ukuhlolwa kokucindezela kwe-axial.
I-FRP Confined Concrete iqukethe ukhonkolo ongahluziwe, impahla yokugoqa yangaphandle ye-FRP kanye ne-epoxy adhesive.Kukhethwe izinto ezimbili zokufakelwa zangaphandle: i-CFRP ne-GRP, izakhiwo zezinto ezibonakalayo ziboniswa kuThebula 1. Ama-epoxy resins A no-B asetshenziswe njengama-adhesives (isilinganiso sokuxuba 2: 1 ngevolumu).Ilayisi.I-1 ikhombisa imininingwane yokwakhiwa kwezinto ezixubene nokhonkolo.Emfanekisweni 1a, kwasetshenziswa usimende we-Swan PO 42.5 Portland.Ama-coarse aggregates agayiwe itshe le-basalt elinobubanzi obungu-5-10 no-10-19 mm, ngokulandelana, njengoba kuboniswe emkhiwaneni.1b kanye c.Njengokugcwalisa kahle kuFig. 1g kusetshenziswe isihlabathi somfula esingokwemvelo esine-fineness modulus engu-2.3.Lungiselela isisombululo se-sodium sulfate kusuka ku-granules ye-anhydrous sodium sulfate kanye nenani elithile lamanzi.
Ukwakheka kwengxube kakhonkolo: a - usimende, b - aggregate 5-10 mm, c - aggregate 10-19 mm, d - isihlabathi somfula.
Amandla okuklama kokhonkolo angama-MPa angama-30, okuholela ekumisweni okusha kukasimende kuka-40 kuya ku-100 mm.Isilinganiso sokuxuba ukhonkolo sikhonjisiwe kuThebula 2, kanti isilinganiso se-coarse aggregate 5-10 mm kanye no-10-20 mm ngu-3:7.Umthelela wokusebenzelana nemvelo wamodelwa ngokuthi kuqale kulungiswe isixazululo se-NaSO4 esingu-10% bese sithela ikhambi egumbini lomjikelezo lokuncibilika.
Izingxube zikakhonkolo zalungiswa ngokuxuba okuphoqiwe okungu-0.5 m3 futhi lonke iqoqo likakhonkolo lasetshenziswa ukubeka amasampula adingekayo.Okokuqala, izithako zikakhonkolo zilungiswa ngokusho kweThebula 2, futhi usimende, isihlabathi kanye ne-coarse aggregate kuhlanganiswa kuqala imizuzu emithathu.Bese usakaza amanzi ngokulinganayo bese ugoqa imizuzu emi-5.Okulandelayo, amasampula kakhonkolo ajikijelwa ekubunjweni okuyi-cylindrical futhi ahlanganiswe etafuleni elidlidlizayo (ububanzi besikhunta 10 cm, ukuphakama 20 cm).
Ngemuva kokwelapha izinsuku ezingama-28, amasampula asongwe ngezinto ze-FRP.Lolu cwaningo ludingida izindlela ezintathu zamakholomu kakhonkolo aqinisiwe, okuhlanganisa avaleke ngokuphelele, akhawulelwe kancane, futhi angavinjelwe.Izinhlobo ezimbili, i-CFRP ne-GFRP, zisetshenziselwa izinto ezinomkhawulo.I-FRP Ifakwe ngokugcwele igobolondo likakhonkolo le-FRP, lingama-20 cm ukuphakama nobude obungama-39 cm.Ingaphezulu nangaphansi kukakhonkolo oboshwe nge-FRP kwakungavalwanga nge-epoxy.Inqubo yokuhlola i-semi-hermetic njengobuchwepheshe obusanda kuhlongozwa okungangenisi umoya ichazwa kanje.
(2) Usebenzisa irula, dweba umugqa endaweni eyisilinda kakhonkolo ukuze unqume ukuthi imicu ye-FRP ikuphi, ibanga phakathi kwemichilo ngu-2.5 cm.Bese ugoqa itheyiphu ezindaweni ezikhonkolo lapho i-FRP ingadingeki khona.
(3) Indawo kakhonkolo ipholishwa yashelela nge-sandpaper, yesulwa ngoboya botshwala, futhi igcotshwe nge-epoxy.Bese unamathisela ngokuzenzela imichilo ye-fiberglass endaweni kakhonkolo bese ucindezela ukhiphe izikhala ukuze i-fiberglass ibambelele ngokugcwele endaweni ekhonkolo futhi igweme amabhamuza omoya.Ekugcineni, namathisela imichilo ye-FRP endaweni kakhonkolo ukusuka phezulu kuye phansi, ngokuya ngamamaki enziwe ngerula.
(4) Ngemva kwesigamu sehora, hlola ukuthi ukhonkolo uhlukene yini ne-FRP.Uma i-FRP ishelela noma iphumela ngaphandle, kufanele ilungiswe ngokushesha.Izibonelo ezibunjiwe kufanele zelashwe izinsuku eziyi-7 ukuze kuqinisekiswe amandla aphulukisiwe.
(5) Ngemva kokuphulukisa, sebenzisa ummese wokusetshenziswa ukuze ususe itheyiphu endaweni kakhonkolo, futhi ekugcineni uthole ikholomu kakhonkolo ye-FRP ene-semi-hermetic.
Imiphumela ngaphansi kwezingqinamba ezihlukahlukene iboniswa ku-fig.2. Umfanekiso 2a ubonisa ukhonkolo we-CFRP ovalwe ngokugcwele, Umdwebo 2b ubonisa ukhonkolo we-CFRP owenziwe kancane, Umfanekiso 2c ubonisa ukhonkolo we-GFRP ovalwe ngokugcwele, futhi Umfanekiso 2d ubonisa ukhonkolo we-CFRP okhawulelwe kancane.
Izitayela ezivaliwe: (a) i-CFRP efakwe ngokugcwele;(b) i-semi-closed carbon fiber;(c) evalwe ngokuphelele ku-fiberglass;(d) i-fiberglass evalwe kancane.
Kunezinhlaka ezine eziyinhloko eziklanyelwe ukuphenya umthelela wemikhawulo ye-FRP nokulandelana kokuguguleka ekusebenzeni kokulawula ukuguguleka kwamasilinda.Ithebula lesi-3 libonisa inani lamasampula ekholomu eliphathekayo.Amasampuli esigaba ngasinye aqukethe amasampula ezimo ezintathu ezifanayo ukuze kugcinwe idatha ingashintshi.Isilinganiso samasampuli amathathu sihlaziywe kuyo yonke imiphumela yokuhlola kulesi sihloko.
(1) Izinto ezingangenisi zihlukaniswa njenge-carbon fibre noma i-fiberglass.Ukuqhathanisa kwenziwa umphumela wezinhlobo ezimbili zemicu ekuqinisweni kokhonkolo.
(2) Izindlela zokuqukatha ikholomu ukhonkolo zihlukaniswe zaba izinhlobo ezintathu: ezilinganiselwe ngokugcwele, ezilinganiselwe futhi azinamkhawulo.Ukumelana nokuguguleka kwamakholomu kakhonkolo avalelwe kancane kwaqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo ezimbili.
(3) Izimo zokuguguleka imijikelezo yokuncibilika kweqhwa kanye nesisombululo sesulfate, futhi inani lemijikelezo yokuncibilika yiqhwa izikhathi ezi-0, ezingama-50 neziyi-100, ngokulandelana.Umthelela wokuguguleka okuhlanganisiwe kumakholomu kakhonkolo ovimbezelwe yi-FRP usuhloliwe.
(4) Izingcezu zokuhlola zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amathathu.Iqembu lokuqala yi-FRP egoqa bese kuba ukugqwala, iqoqo lesibili i-corrosion kuqala bese iyagoqa, kanti iqoqo lesithathu i-corrosion kuqala bese liyagoqa bese liyagqwala.
Inqubo yokuhlola isebenzisa umshini wokuhlola wendawo yonke, umshini wokuhlola oqinile, iyunithi yomjikelezo wokuncibilika kweqhwa (uhlobo lweCDR-Z), isibonakhulu se-electron, imitha ye-pH, igeji ye-strain, idivayisi yokususa indawo, isibonakhulu se-electron ye-SEM, kanye nesibonakude. I-EDS energy spectrum analyzer kulolu cwaningo.Isampula iyikholomu kakhonkolo engu-10 cm ukuphakama no-20 cm ububanzi.Ukhonkolo welapheka zingakapheli izinsuku ezingama-28 ngemva kokuthelwa nokuqiniswa, njengoba kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 3a.Wonke amasampuli adilizwa ngemva kokuphonswa futhi agcinwa izinsuku ezingu-28 ku-18-22°C kanye nomswakama ohlobene ongu-95%, bese kuthi amanye amasampula asongwe nge-fiberglass.
Izindlela zokuhlola: (a) okokusebenza kokugcina izinga lokushisa nokuswakama okungashintshi;(b) umshini wamabhayisikili wokuqandisa;(c) umshini wokuhlola umhlaba wonke;(d) umhloli we-pH;(e) ukubuka nge-microscopic.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-frize-ncibilikisa kusebenzisa indlela yokumisa i-flash njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 3b.Ngokusho kwe-GB/T 50082-2009 “Amazinga Okuqina Kokhonkolo Ovamile”, amasampula okhonkolo acwiliswa ngokuphelele ku-10% yesisombululo se-sodium sulfate ku-15-20 ° C izinsuku ezingu-4 ngaphambi kokubanda nokuncibilika.Ngemuva kwalokho, ukuhlasela kwe-sulfate kuqala futhi kuphele kanyekanye nomjikelezo wokuqandisa.Isikhathi somjikelezo wokuqandisa singamahora angu-2 kuya kwangu-4, futhi isikhathi sokuncibilikisa akufanele sibe ngaphansi kwe-1/4 yesikhathi somjikelezo.Izinga lokushisa eliyisisekelo lesampula kufanele ligcinwe ngaphakathi kwebanga ukusuka ku-(-18±2) ukuya ku-(5±2) °С.Ukuguquka ukusuka eqhweni ukuya ekuncibilikeni kweqhwa akufanele kuthathe imizuzu engaphezu kweyishumi.Amasampula amathathu afanayo angama-cylindrical esigaba ngasinye asetshenziselwa ukutadisha ukwehla kwesisindo kanye noshintsho lwe-pH yesixazululo ngaphezu kwemijikelezo yokuqhwaza engu-25, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 3d.Ngemuva kwayo yonke imijikelezo yokuncibilika engama-25, amasampuli ayekhishwa futhi izindawo ezingaphezulu zihlanzwe ngaphambi kokunquma isisindo sazo esisha (Wd).Zonke izivivinyo zenziwa ngokuphindwe kathathu kwamasampula, futhi amanani amaphakathi asetshenziselwa ukudingida imiphumela yokuhlolwa.Amafomula okulahlekelwa isisindo namandla esampula anqunywa kanje:
Kufomula, i-ΔWd iwukuncipha kwesisindo (%) sesampula ngemva kwayo yonke imijikelezo yokuncibilika engu-25, i-W0 iyisisindo esimaphakathi sesampula kakhonkolo ngaphambi komjikelezo wokuqhwandisa (kg), i-Wd isisindo sikakhonkolo esimaphakathi.isisindo sesampula ngemva kwemijikelezo yokuncibilika engama-25 (kg).
I-coefficient yokuwohloka kwamandla yesampula ibonakala nge-Kd, futhi ifomula yokubala imi kanje:
Kufomula, i-ΔKd izinga lokulahlekelwa amandla (%) wesampula ngemva kwayo yonke imijikelezo engu-50 yokuncibilika kweqhwa, u-f0 ungamandla amaphakathi esampula likakhonkolo ngaphambi komjikelezo we-freeze-thaw (MPa), fd amandla amaphakathi isampula likakhonkolo lemijikelezo engama-50 yokuncibilika kweqhwa (MPa).
Emkhiwaneni.I-3c ibonisa umshini wokuhlola ocindezelayo wezifanekiso zikakhonkolo.Ngokuvumelana “Nezindlela Ezijwayelekile Zokuhlola Zezakhiwo Zomzimba Nemishini Kakhonkolo” (GBT50081-2019), indlela yokuhlola amakholomu okhonkolo wamandla okucindezela iyachazwa.Izinga lokulayisha ekuhlolweni kokucindezelwa ngu-0.5 MPa/s, futhi ukulayisha okuqhubekayo nokulandelanayo kusetshenziswa kukho konke ukuhlolwa.Ubudlelwano bokususwa komthwalo wesampula ngayinye burekhodwe ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kokusebenza.Ama-gauge e-strain anamathiselwe ezindaweni ezingaphandle zikakhonkolo kanye nezendlalelo ze-FRP zezibonelo ukuze kulinganiswe izinhlobo ze-axial nezivundlile.I-strain cell isetshenziswa ekuhlolweni komshini ukuze kuqoshwe ushintsho kuhlobo lwesampula ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kokuminyanisa.
Njalo emijikelezweni engama-25 yokuncibilikisa, isampula yesixazululo sokuqhwaza yayikhishwa futhi ifakwe esitsheni.Emkhiwaneni.I-3d ibonisa ukuhlolwa kwe-pH yesixazululo esiyisampula esitsheni.Ukuhlolwa kwe-Microscopic yendawo kanye nengxenye yesiphambano yesampula ngaphansi kwezimo zokuncibilika kweqhwa kuboniswa ku-Fig. 3d.Isimo sobuso bamasampula ahlukahlukene ngemva kwemijikelezo yeqhwa yokuncibilika engama-50 neyi-100 kusisombululo sesulfate sabonwa ngesibonakhulu.Isibonakhulu sisebenzisa ukukhulisa okungu-400x.Lapho ubheka ubuso besampula, ukuguguleka kongqimba lwe-FRP kanye nongqimba lwangaphandle lukakhonkolo lubhekwa ngokuyinhloko.Ukubhekwa kwesigaba sesiphambano sesampula ngokuyisisekelo kukhetha izimo zokuguguleka ebangeni elingu-5, 10 no-15 mm ukusuka kungqimba lwangaphandle.Ukwakhiwa kwemikhiqizo ye-sulfate kanye nemijikelezo yokuqhwala kudinga ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe.Ngakho-ke, indawo eguquliwe yamasampuli akhethiwe yahlolwa kusetshenziswa isibonakhulu se-electron microscope (SEM) efakwe i-energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS).
Hlola ngokubuka indawo yesampula ngesibonakhulu se-electron bese ukhetha ukukhulisa okungu-400X.Izinga lomonakalo ongaphezulu kukhonkolo we-GRP ovalwe kancane futhi ongahlangani ngaphansi kwemijikelezo yokuncibilika kweqhwa kanye nokuchayeka kuma-sulfate liphezulu kakhulu, kuyilapho kukhonkolo evalekile ngokugcwele alinakwa.Isigaba sokuqala sibhekisela ekuveleni kokuguguleka kokhonkolo ogeleza mahhala nge-sodium sulfate futhi kusukela ku-0 kuya ku-100 imijikelezo yokuqhwala, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 4a.Amasampula okhonkolo angenakho ukuchayeka kwisithwathwa anendawo ebushelelezi ngaphandle kwezici ezibonakalayo.Ngemuva kokuguguleka okungama-50, i-pulp block ebusweni iyaxebuka kancane, iveze igobolondo elimhlophe le-pulp.Ngemuva kokuguguleka kwe-100, amagobolondo ezixazululo awela ngokuphelele ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa okubonakalayo kwendawo yokukhonkolo.Ukubuka nge-Microscopic kubonise ukuthi ingaphezulu likakhonkolo oguguleka yiqhwa elingu-0 lalibushelelezi futhi isamba sendawo nosimende bekusendizeni efanayo.Indawo engalingani, emagebhugebhu yabonwa endaweni ekhonkolo egugulwe imijikelezo yokuqhwaza engama-50.Lokhu kungachazwa yiqiniso lokuthi olunye udaka lucekelwa phansi futhi inani elincane lamakristalu amhlophe ayimbudumbudu anamathela phezulu, akhiwe ngokuyinhloko ngamakristalu ahlanganisiwe, udaka namakristalu amhlophe.Ngemuva kwemijikelezo eyi-100 yokuncibilika kweqhwa, indawo enkulu yamakristalu amhlophe yavela ebusweni bukakhonkolo, kuyilapho iqoqo elimnyama elimahhadla lavezwa endaweni yangaphandle.Njengamanje, indawo kakhonkolo ivezwa kakhulu ngokuhlanganisa kanye namakristalu amhlophe.
I-morphology yekholomu kakhonkolo eqhwakelezayo: (a) ikholomu kakhonkolo engavinjelwe;(b) ukhonkolo oqinisiwe we-carbon fibre ovalekile;(c) Ukhonkolo ovalekile we-GRP;(d) ukhonkolo we-CFRP ofakwe ngokugcwele;(e) Ukhonkolo we-GRP ovalekile kancane.
Isigaba sesibili ukugqwala kwamakholomu kakhonkolo we-semi-hermetic CFRP kanye ne-GRP ngaphansi kwemijikelezo yokuncibilika kweqhwa kanye nokuchayeka kuma-sulfate, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 4b, c.Ukuhlolwa okubukwayo (ukukhulisa okungu-1x) kubonise ukuthi impushana emhlophe kwakheka kancane kancane ebusweni bongqimba olunemicu, ehle ngokushesha ngokunyuka kwenani lemijikelezo yokuqhwaza.Ukuguguleka komhlaba okungakhawulelwe kokhonkolo we-FRP ongama-hermetic kuye kwagqama kakhulu njengoba inani lemijikelezo yokuncibilika kweqhwa likhula.Isenzakalo esibonakalayo "sokuvuvukala" (indawo evulekile yesisombululo sekholomu yekhonkrithi iseduze nokuwa).Kodwa-ke, i-penomenon yokuxebuka ithikamezwa kancane yi-carbon fiber coating eseduze).Ngaphansi kwe-microscope, ama-synthetic carbon fibers avela njengezintambo ezimhlophe kungemuva elimnyama ekukhuliseni okungu-400x.Ngenxa yokuma okuyindilinga kwemicu kanye nokuchayeka ekukhanyeni okungalingani, abonakala amhlophe, kodwa ama-carbon fiber bundle ngokwawo amnyama.I-fiberglass ekuqaleni ifana nentambo emhlophe, kodwa lapho ithintana ne-adhesive iba sobala futhi isimo sikakhonkolo ngaphakathi kwe-fiberglass sibonakala ngokucacile.I-fiberglass imhlophe qwa futhi isibopho siphuzi.Zombili zinombala okhanyayo kakhulu, ngakho umbala weglue uzofihla izintambo ze-fiberglass, unikeze ukubukeka okuphelele okuphuzi.Imicu ye-carbon nengilazi ivikelwe emonakalweni yi-epoxy resin yangaphandle.Njengoba inani lokuhlaselwa kweqhwa likhuphuka, ama-voids amaningi kanye namakristalu ambalwa amhlophe abonakala phezulu.Njengoba umjikelezo wokuqandisa kwe-sulfate ukhula, i-binder kancane kancane iba mncane, umbala ophuzi uyanyamalala futhi imicu ibonakala.
Isigaba sesithathu ukugqwala kukakhonkolo we-CFRP kanye ne-GRP ovalwe ngokugcwele ngaphansi kwemijikelezo yokuncibilika kweqhwa kanye nokuchayeka kuma-sulfate, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 4d, e.Futhi, imiphumela ebhekiwe ifana naleyo yohlobo lwesibili lwesigaba esivinjiwe sekholomu yekhonkrithi.
Qhathanisa izenzakalo ezibonwe ngemva kokusebenzisa izindlela ezintathu zokuvimbela ezichazwe ngenhla.Izicubu ze-fibrous kukhonkolo ye-FRP evalwe ngokuphelele zihlala zizinzile njengoba inani lemijikelezo yokuncibilikisa iqhwa likhula.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ungqimba lwendandatho yokunamathisela luncane kakhulu endaweni.Ama-epoxy resins ngokuvamile asabela ngama-ion e-hydrogen asebenzayo ku-open-ring sulfuric acid futhi awasebenzi neze nama-sulfate28.Ngakho-ke, kungacatshangwa ukuthi ukuguguleka kushintsha ikakhulukazi izakhiwo zesendlalelo sokunamathisela ngenxa yemijikelezo yokuqhwala, ngaleyo ndlela kushintsha umphumela wokuqinisa we-FRP.Ingaphezulu likakhonkolo likakhonkolo we-FRP semi-hermetic linesimo sokuguguleka esifanayo nesokhonkolo esingakhawulelwe.Isendlalelo sayo se-FRP sihambisana nongqimba lwe-FRP lukakhonkolo oluvalwe ngokugcwele, futhi umonakalo awubonakali.Kodwa-ke, kukhonkolo ye-GRP evalwe kancane, ukuphahlazeka okubanzi kokuguguleka kwenzeka lapho imicu yefiber ihlangana nokhonkolo oveziwe.Ukuguguleka kwezindawo zikakhonkolo eziveziwe ziba kubi kakhulu njengoba inani lemijikelezo yokuncibilikisa iqhwa likhula.
Ingaphakathi likakhonkolo we-FRP ovalwe ngokugcwele, ovalekile kancane, futhi ongakhawulelwe wabonisa umehluko omkhulu lapho engaphansi kwemijikelezo yokuncibilika kweqhwa kanye nokuchayeka ezixazululweni zesulfate.Isampula yasikwa yaphambana futhi ingxenye ephambanayo yabonwa kusetshenziswa isibonakhulu se-electron ekukhuliseni okungu-400x.Emkhiwaneni.5 ibonisa izithombe ezincane kakhulu ebangeni elingu-5 mm, 10 mm no-15 mm ukusuka emngceleni ophakathi kukakhonkolo nodaka, ngokulandelana.Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi lapho isisombululo se-sodium sulfate sihlanganiswa nokuncibilika kweqhwa, umonakalo okhonkolo uhlehliswa kancane kancane usuka phezulu uye ngaphakathi.Ngenxa yokuthi izimo zangaphakathi zokuguguleka kwe-CFRP kanye ne-GFRP-constrained ukhonkolo ziyefana, lesi sigaba asiqhathanisi izinto ezimbili zokuvimbela.
Ukubhekwa okuncane kakhulu kwengaphakathi lengxenye yekholamu yekholomu: (a) kukhawulwe ngokuphelele yi-fiberglass;(b) evalwe kancane nge-fiberglass;(c) akunamkhawulo.
Ukuguguleka kwangaphakathi kwe-FRP ukhonkolo ovalwe ngokugcwele kukhonjisiwe ku fig.5a.Imifantu ibonakala ku-5 mm, ingaphezulu libushelelezi, akukho crystallization.Ingaphezulu libushelelezi, alinawo amakristalu, ubukhulu be-10 kuya ku-15 mm.Ukuguguleka kwangaphakathi kukakhonkolo we-semi-hermetic we-FRP kukhonjisiwe kumfanekiso.5 B. Imifantu namakristalu amhlophe abonakala ku-5mm no-10mm, futhi ingaphezulu libushelelezi ngo-15mm.Umfanekiso 5c ukhombisa izingxenye zamakholomu e-FRP kakhonkolo lapho imifantu itholwe ku-5, 10 kanye no-15 mm.Amakristalu ambalwa amhlophe emifantwini aba kancane kancane njengoba imifantu isuka ngaphandle kukakhonkolo iye ngaphakathi.Amakholomu kakhonkolo angapheli abonise ukuguguleka okukhulu, kulandelwa amakholomu kakhonkolo we-FRP avinjelwe kancane.I-sodium sulfate ibe nomthelela omncane ngaphakathi kwamasampuli kakhonkolo we-FRP avalelwe ngokugcwele ngaphezu kwemijikelezo eyi-100 yokuncibilika kweqhwa.Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi imbangela enkulu yokuguguleka kukakhonkolo we-FRP ovinjwe ngokuphelele kuhlotshaniswa nokuguguleka kweqhwa okuncibilikisa isikhathi eside.Ukubhekwa kwesigaba esiphambanayo kubonise ukuthi ingxenye ngaphambi nje kokuqandisa nokuncibilika yayibushelelezi futhi ayinakho ukuhlanganisa.Njengoba ukhonkolo uba yiqhwa futhi uncibilika, imifantu iyabonakala, kuyafana nangokuhlanganisa, futhi amakristalu amhlophe ayimbudumbudu ambozwe ngokuminyene ngemifantu.Ucwaningo27 luye lwabonisa ukuthi lapho ukhonkolo ufakwa kwisisombululo se-sodium sulfate, i-sodium sulfate izongena kukhonkolo, enye yayo izokwehla njengamakristalu e-sodium sulfate, kanti amanye azosabela ngosimende.Amakristalu e-sodium sulfate kanye nemikhiqizo yokusabela ibukeka njengama-granules amhlophe.
I-FRP ikhawulela ngokuphelele ukuqhekeka kukakhonkolo ekugugulekeni okuhlanganisiwe, kodwa isigaba sibushelelezi ngaphandle kokucwebezela.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izigaba zikakhonkolo ezivalwe kancane nezingavinjelwe ze-FRP zenze imifantu yangaphakathi kanye nekristalu ngaphansi kokuguguleka okuhlanganisiwe.Ngokusho kwencazelo yesithombe kanye nezifundo zangaphambilini29, inqubo yokuguguleka ehlangene yekhonkrithi ye-FRP engavinjelwe futhi ekhawulelwe kancane ihlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili.Isigaba sokuqala sokuqhekeka kukakhonkolo sihlotshaniswa nokwandiswa nokufinyela ngesikhathi sokuqhwaza.Lapho i-sulphate ingena kukhonkolo futhi iqala ukubonakala, i-sulphate ehambisanayo igcwalisa imifantu edalwe ukushwabana kwe-freeze-thaw kanye nokusabela kwe-hydration.Ngakho-ke, i-sulfate inomphumela okhethekile wokuvikela kukhonkolo ngesikhathi sokuqala futhi ingathuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini kakhonkolo ngezinga elithile.Isigaba sesibili sokuhlasela kwe-sulfate siyaqhubeka, singena imifantu noma i-voids futhi sisabela ngosimende ukwenza i-alum.Ngenxa yalokho, umfantu uyakhula ngosayizi futhi ubangele umonakalo.Ngalesi sikhathi, ukunwetshwa nokufinyela okuhambisana nokuqhwa nokuncibilika kuzokwandisa umonakalo wangaphakathi kukhonkolo, okuholela ekunciphiseni komthamo wokuthwala.
Emkhiwaneni.6 ibonisa izinguquko ze-pH zezixazululo zokumilisela zikakhonkolo zezindlela ezintathu ezilinganiselwe ezigadwa ngemva kwemijikelezo engu-0, 25, 50, 75, kanye ne-100 yokuqhwandisa.Izisimende zikakhonkolo ze-FRP ezinganqunyelwe futhi ezivalwe kancane zibonise ukukhuphuka kwe-pH okusheshayo ukusuka ku-0 kuye kumjikelezo wokuncibilikisa wokuqhwaza we-25.Amanani abo e-pH anyuke ukusuka ku-7.5 kuye ku-11.5 naku-11.4, ngokulandelana.Njengoba inani lemijikelezo yokuncibilikisa iqhwa likhula, ukukhuphuka kwe-pH kwehla kancane kancane ngemva kwemijikelezo yokuqhwaza eyi-25-100.Amanani abo e-pH anyuke esuka ku-11.5 no-11.4 aya ku-12.4 no-11.84, ngokulandelana.Ngenxa yokuthi ukhonkolo we-FRP oboshwe ngokugcwele uhlanganisa ungqimba lwe-FRP, kunzima ukuthi isisombululo se-sodium sulfate singene.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kunzima ukuthi ukwakheka kukasimende kungene ezixazululweni zangaphandle.Ngakho, i-pH kancane kancane inyuke isuka ku-7.5 yaya ku-8.0 phakathi kwemijikelezo yokuqhwaza eyi-0 kanye neyi-100.Isizathu soshintsho ku-pH sihlaziywa kanje.I-silicate kukhonki ihlangana nama-ion e-hydrogen emanzini ukwenza i-silicic acid, futhi i-OH esele iphakamisa i-pH yesisombululo esigcwele.Ushintsho ku-pH lugqame kakhulu phakathi kwemijikelezo yokuncibilika eyiqhwa engu-0-25 futhi kuncane ukuzwakala phakathi kwemijikelezo engu-25-100 yokuncibilika kweqhwa.Kodwa-ke, kutholwe lapha ukuthi i-pH iqhubekile nokukhula ngemuva kwemijikelezo yeqhwa yokuncibilika engama-25-100.Lokhu kungachazwa ngokuthi i-sodium sulfate isabela ngamakhemikhali nengaphakathi likakhonkolo, ishintsha i-pH yesisombululo.Ukuhlaziywa kokwakheka kwamakhemikhali kubonisa ukuthi ukhonkolo uphendula nge-sodium sulfate ngendlela elandelayo.
Amafomula (3) kanye (4) abonisa ukuthi i-sodium sulfate ne-calcium hydroxide kufomu likasimende i-gypsum (i-calcium sulfate), ne-calcium sulfate iqhubeka nokusabela nge-calcium metaaluminate kusimende ukuze kwakhe amakristalu e-alum.Ukusabela (4) kuhambisana nokwakheka kwe-OH- eyisisekelo, okuholela ekwandeni kwe-pH.Futhi, njengoba lokhu kusabela kuguqulwa, i-pH ikhuphuka ngesikhathi esithile futhi ishintshe kancane.
Emkhiwaneni.I-7a ibonisa ukuncipha kwesisindo sikakhonkolo we-GRP ovalwe ngokugcwele, ovalwe kancane, futhi okhiyiwe phakathi nemijikelezo yokuqhwandisa kusixazululo sesulfate.Ushintsho olusobala kakhulu ekulahlekeni kwenqwaba ukhonkolo olungavinjelwe.Ukhonkolo ongakhawulelwe ulahlekelwe cishe u-3.2% wesisindo sawo ngemuva kokuhlaselwa kweqhwa okungama-50 futhi cishe u-3.85% ngemuva kokuhlasela okuyiqhwa okuyiqhwa.Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi umthelela wokuguguleka okuhlangene kukhwalithi yokukhonkolo ogeleza mahhala wehla njengoba inani lemijikelezo yokuncibilika kweqhwa likhula.Kodwa-ke, lapho kubhekwa indawo engaphezulu yesampula, kutholwe ukuthi ukulahleka kodaka ngemva kwemijikelezo engu-100 yokuncibilika kweqhwa kwakukhulu kunangemva kwemijikelezo engu-50 yokuncibilika kweqhwa.Kuhlanganiswe nezifundo ezisesigabeni esandulele, kungacatshangwa ukuthi ukungena kwe-sulfate kukhonkolo kuholela ekunciphiseni kokulahlekelwa okukhulu.Phakathi naleso sikhathi, i-alum ne-gypsum ekhiqizwe ngaphakathi nayo iphumela ekuncipheni kwesisindo esihamba kancane, njengoba kubikezelwe izilinganiso zamakhemikhali (3) kanye (4).
Ukushintsha kwesisindo: (a) ubuhlobo phakathi kokushintsha kwesisindo kanye nenani lemijikelezo yokuqhwaza;(b) ubudlelwane phakathi kokushintsha kwesisindo kanye nenani le-pH.
Ushintsho ekuncipheni kwesisindo sikakhonkolo we-semi-hermetic we-FRP kuqala kuncipha bese luyanda.Ngemuva kwemijikelezo engu-50 yokuqhwaza, ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kukakhonkolo we-semi-hermetic fiberglass cishe ku-1.3%.Ukuncipha kwesisindo ngemuva kwemijikelezo eyi-100 kwaba ngu-0.8%.Ngakho-ke, kungaphethwa ngokuthi i-sodium sulfate ingena kukhonkolo egeleza mahhala.Ukwengeza, ukubhekwa kwendawo engaphezulu yesiqephu sokuhlola kuphinde kwabonisa ukuthi imicu yefiber ingamelana nokuxebuka kodaka endaweni evulekile, ngaleyo ndlela yehlise ukuncipha kwesisindo.
Ushintsho ekulahlekeni okukhulu kokhonkolo lwe-FRP oluvalwe ngokugcwele luhlukile kokubili kokuqala.IMisa ayilahleki, kodwa iyanezela.Ngemuva kokuguguleka kwe-frost-thaw okungu-50, isisindo sikhuphuke cishe ngo-0.08%.Ngemuva kwezikhathi eziyi-100, ubukhulu bayo bukhuphuke cishe ngo-0.428%.Njengoba ukhonkolo uthululwa ngokuphelele, udaka oluphezu kokhonkolo ngeke luphume futhi akunakwenzeka ukuthi lubangele ukulahlekelwa kwekhwalithi.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukungena kwamanzi kanye nama-sulfate kusuka endaweni ephezulu yokuqukethwe ngaphakathi kwekhonkrithi yokuqukethwe okuphansi nakho kuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yekhonkrithi.
Ucwaningo oluningana lwenziwe ngaphambilini mayelana nobudlelwano phakathi kwe-pH kanye nokulahlekelwa okukhulu kokhonkolo okhawulelwe we-FRP ngaphansi kwezimo zokuguguleka.Ucwaningo oluningi ludingida ubudlelwano phakathi kokulahlekelwa okukhulu, i-elastic modulus kanye nokuncipha kwamandla.Emkhiwaneni.I-7b ibonisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-pH ekhonkolo kanye nokulahlekelwa okukhulu ngaphansi kwezingqinamba ezintathu.Imodeli yokubikezela ihlongozwa ukuze ibikezele ukulahleka kwesisindo esikhonkolo kusetshenziswa izindlela ezintathu zokugcina ngamavelu e-pH ahlukene.Njengoba kungabonwa kuMfanekiso 7b, i-coefficient ka-Pearson iphezulu, okubonisa ukuthi kukhona ngempela ukuhlobana phakathi kwe-pH nokulahlekelwa okukhulu.Amanani aphindwe kabili ka-r okhonkolo ongakhawulelwe, okhawulelwe kancane, futhi okhawulelwe ngokugcwele abengu-0.86, 0.75, kanye no-0.96, ngokulandelana.Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi ukuguquka kwe-pH kanye nokuncipha kwesisindo sikakhonkolo ofakwe ngokuphelele kufana nomugqa ngaphansi kwezimo zombili zesulfate kanye neqhwa.Kukhonkolo ongakhawulelwe kanye ne-semi-hermetic FRP, i-pH ikhula kancane kancane njengoba usimende uphendulana nesisombululo esinamanzi.Ngenxa yalokho, ubuso obukhonkolo bubhujiswa kancane kancane, okuholela ekungabini kwesisindo.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-pH kakhonkolo ovalwe ngokugcwele ishintsha kancane ngoba ungqimba lwe-FRP lubambezela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kukasimende ngesisombululo samanzi.Ngakho-ke, ukhonkolo ovalwe ngokugcwele, akukho ukuguguleka komhlaba okubonakalayo, kodwa uzothola isisindo ngenxa yokugcwala ngenxa yokumuncwa kwezixazululo ze-sulfate.
Emkhiwaneni.8 ikhombisa imiphumela yokuskena kwe-SEM yamasampuli aqoshwe nge-sodium sulfate freeze-thaw.I-electron microscopy yahlola amasampula aqoqwe kumabhulokhi athathwe kungqimba olungaphandle lwamakholomu kakhonkolo.Umfanekiso 8a isithombe se-electron microscope esithwebulayo sikakhonkolo ongavaliwe ngaphambi kokuguguleka.Kuyaphawulwa ukuthi kunezimbobo eziningi ebusweni besampula, ezithinta amandla ekholomu kakhonkolo ngokwayo ngaphambi kokuncibilika kwesithwathwa.Emkhiwaneni.I-8b ibonisa isithombe se-electron microscope sesampula likakhonkolo le-FRP eligqunywe ngokugcwele ngemva kwemijikelezo engu-100 yokuncibilika kweqhwa.Ukuqhekeka kwesampula ngenxa yokubanda nokuncibilika kungase kubonakale.Nokho, ubuso bushelelezi futhi awekho amakristalu kuwo.Ngakho-ke, imifantu engagcwalisiwe ibonakala kakhulu.Emkhiwaneni.I-8c ibonisa isampula likakhonkolo we-semi-hermetic GRP ngemva kwemijikelezo engu-100 yokuguguleka kwesithwathwa.Kuyacaca ukuthi imifantu yakhula futhi izinhlamvu zakhiwa phakathi kwemifantu.Ezinye zalezi zinhlayiya zinamathela emifantwini.Ukuskena kwe-SEM kwesampula yekholomu kakhonkolo engakhawulelwe kuboniswa kuMfanekiso 8d, into ehambisana nokukhawulelwa okuncane.Ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokucacisa ukubunjwa kwezinhlayiya, izinhlayiya emifantwini zabuye zakhuliswa futhi zahlaziywa kusetshenziswa i-EDS spectroscopy.Izinhlayiya zifika ngezindlela ezintathu ezahlukene.Ngokusho kokuhlaziywa kwe-spectrum yamandla, uhlobo lokuqala, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Figure 9a, i-crystal block evamile, ikakhulukazi eyakhiwe i-O, S, Ca nezinye izakhi.Ngokuhlanganisa amafomula angaphambilini (3) kanye (4), kunganqunywa ukuthi ingxenye eyinhloko yezinto ezibonakalayo yi-gypsum (calcium sulfate).Owesibili ukhonjiswe kuMfanekiso 9b;ngokusho kokuhlaziywa kwe-spectrum yamandla, i-acicular non-directional object, futhi izingxenye zayo eziyinhloko yi-O, Al, S kanye ne-Ca.Izindlela zokupheka ezihlanganisiwe zibonisa ukuthi impahla iqukethe ikakhulukazi i-alum.Ibhulokhi yesithathu ekhonjiswe ku-Fig. 9c, i-block engavamile, enqunywa ukuhlaziywa kwe-spectrum yamandla, ikakhulukazi ehlanganisa izingxenye O, Na kanye no-S. Kwavela ukuthi lezi ikakhulukazi ziyi-sodium sulfate crystals.I-scanning electron microscopy ibonise ukuthi iningi lama-void laligcwele amakristalu e-sodium sulfate, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 9c, kanye namanani amancane egypsum ne-alum.
Izithombe ze-electron microscopic zamasampuli ngaphambi nangemuva kokugqwala: (a) vula ukhonkolo ngaphambi kokugqwala;(b) ngemva kokugqwala, i-fiberglass ivalwa ngokuphelele;(c) ngemva kokugqwala kukakhonkolo ovalekile we-GRP;(d) ngemva kokugqwala kukakhonkolo ovulekile.
Ukuhlaziya kusivumela ukuthi sifinyelele iziphetho ezilandelayo.Izithombe ze-electron microscope zamasampuli amathathu zonke zaziyi-1k× futhi imifantu nemikhiqizo yokuguguleka yatholwa futhi yabonwa ezithombeni.Ukhonkolo ongavinjelwe unemifantu ebanzi kakhulu futhi uqukethe okusanhlamvu okuningi.Ukhonkolo we-semi-pressure ye-FRP ungaphansi kunokhonkolo ongacindezeli ngokobubanzi bokuqhekeka nokubala kwezinhlayiyana.Ukhonkolo we-FRP ovalwe ngokugcwele unobubanzi obuncane bokuqhekeka futhi azikho izinhlayiya ngemva kokuguguleka kweqhwa.Konke lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi ikhonkolo ye-FRP evalwe ngokugcwele iyona esengozini encane yokuguguleka kusukela ekubeni yiqhwa nokuncibilika.Izinqubo zamakhemikhali ngaphakathi kwamakholomu kakhonkolo avalelwe kancane futhi avulekile e-FRP aholela ekwakhekeni kwe-alum ne-gypsum, futhi ukungena kwe-sulfate kuthinta i-porosity.Nakuba imijikelezo yeqhwa iyimbangela eyinhloko yokuqhekeka kukakhonkolo, ama-sulfate kanye nemikhiqizo yawo agcwalisa imifantu kanye nama-pores kwasekuqaleni.Kodwa-ke, njengoba inani kanye nesikhathi sokuguguleka kwanda, imifantu iyaqhubeka nokukhula futhi umthamo we-alum owenziwe uyanda, okuholela ekuqhekekeni kwe-extrusion.Ekugcineni, ukuncibilika kweqhwa kanye nokuchayeka kwe-sulfate kuzonciphisa amandla ekholomu.